in

References

  1. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update. Dallas, Texas: American Heart Association; 2010. [Full text]
  2. Mathers C, Stevens G, Mascarenhas M. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009. [Full text]
  3. Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN. US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008. JAMA 2010; 303:2043. [Abstract]
  4. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42:1206. [Full text]
  5. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360:1903. [Abstract]
  6. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1291. [Abstract]
  7. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB Sr, Larson MG, et al. Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2009; 119:3078. [Full text]
  8. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2413. [Abstract]
  9. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358:1682. [Abstract]
  10. Parikh NI, Pencina MJ, Wang TJ, et al. A risk score for predicting near-term incidence of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:102. [Abstract]
  11. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension 1995; 25:305. [Abstract]
  12. Franklin SS, Gustin W 4th, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997; 96:308. [Full text]
  13. Kannel WB, Gordon T, Schwartz MJ. Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1971; 27:335. [Abstract]
  14. Franklin SS, Larson MG, Khan SA, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2001; 103:1245. [Full text]
  15. Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2002;4:393. [Abstract]
  16. Black HR, Elliott WJ, Neaton JD, et al. Baseline characteristics and early blood pressure control in the CONVINCE trial. Hypertension 2001; 37:12. [Full text]
  17. Whitworth JA; World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1983. [Abstract]
  18. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al; the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007; 28:1462. [Full text]
  19. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, et al. The BHS Guidelines Working Party Guidelines for Management of Hypertension: Report of the Fourth Working Party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004—BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18:139. Updated in 2006 [PDF]
  20. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:S11-61. [Full text]
  21. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI™ clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49:S1. [Full text]
  22. Ingelsson E, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. Altered blood pressure progression in the community and its relation to clinical events. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1450. [Abstract]
  23. Kaplan NM, Victor RG. Kaplan’s Clinical Hypertension. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
  24. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration; Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, et al. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007; 25:951. [Abstract]
  25. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg. JAMA 1967; 202:1028. [Abstract]
  26. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288:2981. [Abstract]
  27. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2417. [Abstract]
  28. Wright JT Jr, Probstfield JL, Cushman WC, et al; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. ALLHAT findings revisited in the context of subsequent analyses, other trials, and meta-analyses. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:832. [Abstract]
  29. Vasan RS, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in nonhypertensive persons. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:33. [Abstract]
  30. Fogari R, Zoppi A. New class of agents for treatment of hypertension: focus on direct renin inhibition. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6:869. [Abstract]
  31. Neri I, Monari F, Sgarbi L, et al. l-Arginine supplementation in women with chronic hypertension: impact on blood pressure and maternal and neonatal complications. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23:1456. [Abstract]
  32. Geleijnse JM. Vitamin D and the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the current evidence. Am J Hypertens 2010 Sep 16 [Epub ahead of print]. [Abstract]
  33. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998; 279:839. [Full text]
  34. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:1. [Abstract]
  35. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan B, et al. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin receptor blocker. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1685. [Full text]
  36. Viskoper R, Shapira, Priluck I, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment of resistant hypertensives by device-guided slow breathing exercises. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:484. [Abstract]
  37. Schein M, Gavish B, Herz M, et al. Treating hypertension with a device that slows and regularizes breathing: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15:271. [Full text]
  38. Elliott WJ, Izzo JL Jr, White WB, et al. Graded blood pressure reduction in hypertensive outpatients associated with use of a device to assist with slow breathing. J Clin Hypertens 2004; 6:553. [Abstract]
  39. Grossman E, Grossman A, Schein MH, et al. Breathing control lowers blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15:263. [Full text]
  40. Rosenthal T, Alter A, Peleg E, Gavish B. Device-guided breathing exercises reduce blood pressure—ambulatory and home measurements. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14:74. [Abstract]
  41. Meles E, Giannattasio C, Failla M, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertension by respiratory exercise in the home setting. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:370. [Abstract]
  42. Barrier PA, Li JT, Jensen NM. Two words to improve physician–patient communication: What else? Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:211. [Abstract]
  43. Herzlinger RE. Market-Driven Health Care: Who Wins, Who Loses in the Transformation of America’s Largest Service Industry. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1997. pp. 65–75, 231.
  44. Okonofua E, Simpson K, Jesri A, et al. P-93: Clinical inertia in hypertension management: effects on BP control. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:41A. [Abstract]
  45. Phillips LS, Branch WT, Cook CB, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:825. [Abstract]
  46. Fine LJ, Cutler JA. Hypertension and the treating physician: understanding and reducing therapeutic inertia. Hypertension 2006; 47:319. [Full Text]
  47. Aggarwal M, Khan IA. Hypertensive crisis: hypertensive emergencies and urgencies. Cardiol Clin 2006; 24:135. [Abstract]
  48. Shayne PH, Pitts SR. Severely increased blood pressure in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41:513. [Abstract]
  49. Rhoades R, Planzer R. Human Physiology. 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing; 1996.
Copyright © 2010, 2011  Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Office of Continuing Medical Education & BestPractice CPD, LLC®. All rights reserved.